Fukuhara, “ Corrigendum: Possible generation of heat from nuclear fusion in Earth’s inner core,” Sci. Fukuhara, “ Possible generation of heat from nuclear fusion in Earth’s inner core,” Sci. Fukuhara, “ Possible origin of nitrogen in the Earth’s atmosphere,” Nuovo Cimento C 27, 99– 113 (2004). However, their paper cannot explain the reason why a rapid formation of 14N would have continued for 1.3 × 10 9 years from 2.5 to 3.8 × 10 9 years ago in the Archean era.
inferred that original nitrogen in the Earth is derived from a mixture of both inner and outer solar system materials because the 15N/ 14N ratio in the Earth falls between those of the inner and outer solar system. Marty, “ A very early origin of isotopically distinct nitrogen in inner Solar System protoplanets,” Nat. In contrast to the origin of nitrogen in the Earth, Grewal, Dasgupta, and Marty 8 8. Equation (1) denotes the endothermic formation of N, O, and water.
or by the radioactive decay of elements such as U and Th and nuclear fusion in the Earth’s core that is described later. Fukuhara, “ Nitrogen discharged from the Earth’s interior regions,” J. The above-described reaction is favored by the physical catalysis exerted by excited electrons (e*) that were generated through stick-sliding during the evolution of supercontinents and mantle conversion triggered by collisions of major asteroids and anti-electron neutrinos v ̄ e coming from the universe, especially from the young sun from the Archean era to the present time, 7 7. Fukuhara, “ Did nuclear transformations inside Earth from nitrogen, oxygen, and water?,” J. This hypothesis suggests that heavier elements result from an endothermic nuclear transformation of carbon and oxygen nuclei confined in the aragonite CaCO 3 lattice of the Earth’s mantle or crust, which is enhanced by the attraction caused by high temperatures ≥2510 K and pressures ≥58 GPa in the Earth’s interior, 6 6. In disagreement with this theory, Fukuhara proposed a model for the formation of nitrogen, oxygen, and water using circumstantial evidence based on the history of the Earth’s atmosphere. Loper, “ Studies of the Earth’s deep interior: Goals and trends,” Phys. As a result, whole-Earth geochemical models, which are primarily based on cosmochemical abundances, provide specific limits on the possible chemical composition of the Earth’s deep interior. Sims, “ Core formation during early accretion of the earth,” Science 252, 926– 933 (1991). Regarding Earth formation, it is generally believed that the terrestrial planets have formed by accretion of solid materials that condensed from the solar nebula ∼4.56 × 10 9 years ago. This theory is the basis of convention for the formation of all elements in our universe. Hoyle, “ On nuclear reactions occurring in very hot stars: Synthesis of elements from carbon to nickel,” Astrophys. When supernovae explode, many neutrons passing through the outer regions of the stars collide with the atoms of elements lighter than iron (number 26 in the periodic table), resulting in elements heavier than iron via neutron incorporation. Because the fusion of iron nuclei does not create energy, high mass star cores must collapse, resulting in supernovae. ) up to and including iron through exothermic stellar nucleosynthesis in their cores. Bethe, “ Energy production in stars,” Phys. Hotter and heavier stars then transmuted lighter elements (i.e., the first elements) into heavier elements (i.e., the secondary elements, some of which were generated by the CNO cycle 2 2. In other words, Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced elements no heavier than lithium. proposes that hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of lithium were the only elements in existence when the universe first formed. Taylor, “ Star factories: Nuclear fusion and the creation of the elements,” in Science in the River City Workshop, 22 March, 2011 ( Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, 2011).
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